Furthermore, physical activity also increases dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia which also promotes enhancements in memory. This in turn, enhances cerebral plasticity, cell proliferation as well as synaptogenesis in the hippocampus which plays an important role in memory formation. In other studies, physical activity has been shown to improve cerebral oxygen uptake as well as increase Brain-Derived Neutrophic Factor (BDNF). Colcombe and colleagues have identified that improved cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with a reduced loss of grey and white matter in temporal, frontal and prefrontal regions of the brain. The aging process leads to grey and white matter atrophy, especially in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Previous research has shown minor improvements, as a function of participation in physical activity and exercise, in cognitive and brain health in older adults.
Memory complaints, which may later lead to mild cognitive impairment or dementia have been shown to be mitigated or reduced by multifactorial interventions which include a change in diet, stress reduction techniques such as meditation and participation in regular exercise. The decrease in cognitive performance that occurs with aging leads to decreased health status and quality of life, and may lead to older adults experiencing memory complaints, associated with poor executive function and delayed recall.
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